German Prepositions: Cases, Meanings and Practical Examples

German prepositions express the relationship between words. They can show where something is, where someone is going, when something happens or what the reason is. They are connected to a noun or pronoun and determine whether it takes the accusative, dative or genitive case.
For example:
- Ich gehe in die Schule. (I am going to school.) → Accusative
- Das Buch liegt auf dem Tisch. (The book is on the table.) → Dative
- Wegen des Regens bleiben wir zu Hause. (We are staying at home because of the rain.) → Genitive
Prepositions followed by the accusative
These prepositions are always followed by the accusative case:
- durch = through
- Ich gehe durch den Park. (I am walking through the park.)
- für = for
- Das ist ein Geschenk für dich. (This is a present for you.)
- gegen = against
- Wir spielen gegen die Mannschaft. (We are playing against the team.)
- ohne = without
- Ich trinke Kaffee ohne Zucker. (I drink coffee without sugar.)
- um = around; at a particular time
- Wir sitzen um den Tisch. (We are sitting around the table.)
- Um acht Uhr gehe ich schlafen. (I go to bed at eight o’clock.)
Prepositions followed by the dative
These prepositions are always followed by the dative case:
- aus = from, out of
- Ich komme aus dem Ausland. (I am coming from abroad.)
- außer = except
- Alle kommen außer mir. (Everyone is coming except me.)
- bei = at, by, with
- Ich wohne bei meinen Eltern. (I live with my parents.)
- mit = with
- Ich gehe mit meiner Freundin ins Kino. (I am going to the cinema with my friend.)
- nach = after; to, towards
- Nach der Schule spiele ich Fußball. (I play football after school.)
- Wir fahren nach Berlin. (We are travelling to Berlin.)
- seit = since, for
- Ich wohne seit einem Jahr in Wien. (I have lived in Vienna for one year.)
- von = from
- Das Geschenk ist von meiner Tante. (The present is from my aunt.)
- zu = to
- Ich gehe zu meiner Oma. (I am going to my grandmother.)
- gegenüber = opposite
- Das Kino liegt gegenüber der Kirche. (The cinema is opposite the church.)
Prepositions followed by the genitive
These prepositions are normally followed by the genitive case. In everyday speech, they are often also used with the dative, but the grammatically correct form is the genitive.
- anstatt / statt = instead of
- Anstatt eines Kuchens kaufe ich Obst. (Instead of a cake, I am buying fruit.)
- trotz = despite
- Trotz des Regens gehen wir spazieren. (Despite the rain, we are going for a walk.)
- während = during
- Während des Essens spricht man nicht. (People do not talk while eating.)
- wegen = because of
- Wegen des Wetters bleiben wir zu Hause. (We are staying at home because of the weather.)
- innerhalb = within
- Innerhalb einer Woche musst du bezahlen. (You have to pay within one week.)
- außerhalb = outside
- Außerhalb der Stadt ist es ruhiger. (It is quieter outside the city.)
- diesseits = on this side of
- Diesseits des Flusses gibt es ein Dorf. (There is a village on this side of the river.)
- jenseits = beyond, on the other side of
- Jenseits der Grenze ist ein anderes Land. (There is another country beyond the border.)
- oberhalb = above
- Oberhalb der Stadt liegt eine Burg. (A castle lies above the city.)
- unterhalb = below
- Unterhalb des Berges fließt ein Fluss. (A river flows below the mountain.)
Two-way prepositions
Two-way prepositions can be used with two different cases:
- Accusative when they express movement or direction: where to?
- Dative when they express a location or state: where?
The two-way prepositions are:
- an = to, at
- Accusative: Ich hänge das Bild an die Wand. (I am hanging the picture on the wall.)
- Dative: Das Bild hängt an der Wand. (The picture is hanging on the wall.)
- auf = onto, on
- Accusative: Ich lege das Buch auf den Tisch. (I am putting the book on the table.)
- Dative: Das Buch liegt auf dem Tisch. (The book is on the table.)
- hinter = behind, to behind
- Accusative: Er geht hinter das Haus. (He is going behind the house.)
- Dative: Er sitzt hinter dem Haus. (He is sitting behind the house.)
- in = into, in
- Accusative: Ich gehe in die Schule. (I am going to school.)
- Dative: Ich bin in der Schule. (I am at school.)
- neben = next to, beside
- Accusative: Sie stellt den Stuhl neben das Bett. (She is placing the chair next to the bed.)
- Dative: Der Stuhl steht neben dem Bett. (The chair is next to the bed.)
- über = above, over
- Accusative: Das Flugzeug fliegt über die Stadt. (The aeroplane is flying over the city.)
- Dative: Das Bild hängt über dem Bett. (The picture is hanging above the bed.)
- unter = under, underneath
- Accusative: Die Katze läuft unter den Tisch. (The cat runs under the table.)
- Dative: Die Katze schläft unter dem Tisch. (The cat is sleeping under the table.)
- vor = in front of, to in front of
- Accusative: Er stellt das Auto vor das Haus. (He is parking the car in front of the house.)
- Dative: Das Auto steht vor dem Haus. (The car is in front of the house.)
- zwischen = between, to between
- Accusative: Ich stelle den Tisch zwischen die Stühle. (I am placing the table between the chairs.)
- Dative: Der Tisch steht zwischen den Stühlen. (The table is between the chairs.)
An or auf?
When to use an
Use an when something is placed next to a vertical surface or close to a boundary.
- For something placed on a wall, window or door, use an.
- For a location beside a body of water such as a lake, river or sea, use an.
- For someone standing at a boundary line, use an.
Examples expressing direction, with the accusative:
- Ich hänge das Bild an die Wand. (I am hanging the picture on the wall.)
- Wir fahren ans Meer. (We are travelling to the sea.)
- Er stellt sich an die Tür. (He stands by the door.)
Examples expressing location, with the dative:
- Das Bild hängt an der Wand. (The picture is hanging on the wall.)
- Wir wohnen am Fluss. (We live by the river.)
- Jemand steht an der Grenze. (Someone is standing at the border.)
When to use auf
Use auf when something is placed on a horizontal surface, or when someone is going to an institution or office.
- For something placed on a table, shelf or floor, use auf.
- Use auf when something is located on a higher horizontal surface.
Practical steps for learning German prepositions
- Learn each preposition together with its required case.
- For two-way prepositions, ask whether the sentence answers where to? or where?
- Practise pairs such as an die Wand and an der Wand.
- Pay special attention to the article ending, because it shows whether the noun is in the accusative, dative or genitive.
- Build your own short sentences using examples from daily activities.