Substantivised Adjectives in German

Updated: 2026-10-26
Substantivised Adjectives in German

One distinctive feature of German is that adjectives can be used as nouns. When this happens, the adjective is written with a capital letter and declined according to the rules for adjective endings.

These forms are called “substantivised adjectives” (Substantivierte Adjektive). They are often translated into English with expressions such as “the sick”, “the rich”, “the injured” or “the good”.

How does it work?

Basic formula

Article + adjective ending + adjective used as a noun

Examples:

Declension

Substantivised adjectives are declined in the same way as adjectives.

With the definite article: weak declension

With the indefinite article: mixed declension

Typical meaning groups

People identified by a characteristic

Nationalities

Abstract concepts

Example sentences

Common mistakes

  1. Using a lowercase letter: write der Kranke, not der kranke.
  2. Failing to decline the form: write ein Kranker, not ein Kranken.
  3. Translating too literally: die Wartenden can often be translated as “those who are waiting”.

Summary

Practical steps

  1. Look for an adjective that is being used without an expressed noun.
  2. Write it with a capital letter.
  3. Identify the article, gender, number and case.
  4. Choose the correct adjective ending.
  5. Practise with sentences such as Die Reichen helfen den Armen, Das Gute besiegt oft das Böse, Die Verletzten liegen auf dem Boden, Viele Alte leben allein and Die Deutschen sind für ihre Pünktlichkeit berühmt.

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