Using haben and sein in the German Past Subjunctive

Updated: 2026-10-26
Using haben and sein in the German Past Subjunctive

The German past subjunctive (Konjunktiv II Vergangenheit) is formed with hätte / wäre + Partizip Perfekt. The choice between hätte and wäre follows the same rules as in the German perfect tense: some verbs take haben, while others take sein.

When to use haben

Most verbs use haben as their auxiliary verb. This includes:

Examples:

Sentences:

When to use sein

Use sein as the auxiliary verb when:

  1. The verb expresses a change of location, such as gehen, fahren, fliegen, kommen or laufen
  2. The verb expresses a change of state, such as aufwachen, sterben, einschlafen or wachsen
  3. The verb itself is sein or bleiben

Examples:

Sentences:

Negation and questions

Negation

Questions

Common mistakes

  1. Using haben instead of sein with verbs that require sein.
    • Incorrect: ich hätte gegangen ❌
    • Correct: ich wäre gegangen ✅
  2. Bleiben and sein always use sein:
    • ich wäre geblieben
    • ich wäre gewesen

Practice examples

Summary

Practical steps for choosing the correct auxiliary

  1. Identify the main verb in the sentence.
  2. Check whether it normally uses haben or sein in the perfect tense.
  3. Use hätte with verbs that take haben.
  4. Use wäre with verbs that take sein.
  5. Add the verb’s past participle, placing it at the end of the sentence.

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